night of the long knives cartoon
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Why did Hitler turn on the SA in the Night of the Long Knives? The Night of the Long Knives. Long Knives phrase. The Night of the Long Knives J. Marshall, 2007. The Night of the Long Knives. Find Night Of The Long Knives stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. Many of those that were harassed by the SA and the SS or imprisoned in camps were terrified to speak out about their ordeal fearing that they would be further abused or re-imprisoned. . Until then, Lippert had been one of the few executioners of the purge to evade trial. July 1-13, 1934 Editorials, opinion pieces, letters-to-the-editor, and political cartoons regarding the "Night of the Long Knives". On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. It would become known in Welsh as "twyll y cyllyll hirion" (English: Deceit of the long knives) (first recorded around 1587) and in English as the "Treachery/Plot/Treason of the long knives" (recorded around 1604). [3] It established Hitler as the supreme administrator of justice of the German people, as he put it in his 13 July speech to the Reichstag. [45][41] As Himmler's adjutant Karl Wolff later explained, friendship and personal loyalty were not allowed to stand in the way: Among others, a charming fellow [named] Karl von Spreti, Rhm's personal adjutant. Overall, what is the meaning of the cartoon? By the end of 1934, the Nazis had managed to infiltrate and take control of every major aspect of German government. The process primarily took place between 1933-1934. Over 150 people were murdered and hundreds more were arrested. [49] In 1957, the German authorities tried Lippert in Munich for Rhm's murder. The Enabling Law allowed them to do this under the guise of legality. Hitler ordered him, as one prominent historian described it, to put an end to "homosexuality, debauchery, drunkenness, and high living" in the SA. coup Hitler and the rest of the Nazi leadership disagreed with their approach. Despite some initial efforts by local prosecutors to take legal action against those who carried out the murders, which the regime rapidly quashed, it appeared that no law would constrain Hitler in his use of power. 3. . [22] Himmler named his deputy Reinhard Heydrich to head the Gestapo on 22 April 1934. Consumed with rage, Hitler denounced "the worst treachery in world history". This betrayal is seen by the image of SA members looking fearful in . The Nazis also took several more steps to reduce their political opposition legally. [73] However, despite the rehabilitation of the two murdered officers, the Nazis continued in private to accuse Schleicher of high treason. [69] The memo asked that Hindenburg instead create a directorate to rule Germany, comprising the Chancellor (who was not named), General Werner von Fritsch as Vice-Chancellor, Hammerstein as Minister of Defense, the Minister for National Economy (also unnamed), and Rudolf Nadolny as Foreign Minister. Just two months later, on 14 July 1933 the Nazis used the Enabling Act to ban all political parties except the Nazi Party. Surrounding this scene, members of the Army and SS stand with their weapons pointing towards the SA members. In British politics, the "Night of the Long Knives" was a major Cabinet reshuffle that took place on 13 July 1962. Give Hitler four years to rebuild it! [75] Hitler expressly told him to stop SA funds from being spent on limousines and banquets, which he considered evidence of SA extravagance. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency. : Why did Hitler order the massacre of hundreds of Nazis in June 1934? It shows the Nazis using violenc. It was all three of these men that were responsible for this night, because Hitler asked Goering and Goebbels to compile a list of disloyal SA members,; this list formed the basis of those killed on the Night of the Long Knives. [29] On 29 June, a signed article in Vlkischer Beobachter by Blomberg appeared in which Blomberg stated with great fervour that the Reichswehr stood behind Hitler. SS men stormed the hotel, and Hitler personally placed Rhm and other high-ranking SA leaders under arrest. com. Used for Educational purposes only. Censorship was heightened, and any person publishing actively anti-Nazi material was threatened or imprisoned. The three men that stand in front of the SA are Hitler (standing aggressively with an armband that reads: the double cross- a pun about the swastika and Hitlers betrayal), Goering (who is dressed as a violent god of war, showing how the Nazis have abandoned democracy and now rule by terror), and Goebbels (shown as Hitlers poodle, since in Britain, where this cartoon was published,he was seen to be cowardly and extremely loyal to Hitler). [21] At the end of May, Brning and Schleicher, two former chancellors, received warnings from friends in the Reichswehr that their lives were in danger and they should leave Germany at once. The faction headed by Hermann Gring and also . The leaders of the SA were ordered to attend a meeting at a hotel in Bad Wiesse, Bavaria. Hitler had made it clear that he was the supreme ruler of Germany who had the right to be judge and jury, and had the power to decide whether people lived or died. The message of the cartoon "They Salute with Both Hands Now" is that in the Night of the Long Knives, Hitler turned on his previously loyal supporters, the SA, in order to consolidate his position by eliminating the threat of Ernst Rohm and the SA and winning over the Army. David Low responded to what became known as the Night of the Long Knives by producing a cartoon that deeply angered Hitler. Prime Minister Harold Macmillan dismissed seven members of his Cabinet, one-third of the total. With the army limited by the Treaty of Versailles to one hundred thousand soldiers, its leaders watched anxiously as membership in the SA surpassed three million men by the beginning of 1934. [4] The violent confrontations between the two contributed to the destabilization of the Weimar Republic. [25] Neurath's manoeuvre to put pressure on Hitler paid off, with Mussolini agreeing to the request (Neurath was a former ambassador to Italy, and knew Mussolini well). Nazi propaganda presented the murders as a preventive measure against an alleged imminent coup by the SA under Rhm the so-called Rhm Putsch. The atmosphere of terror that had followed the Reichstag Fire, and Hindenburgs and von Papens support, made the proposal seem legitimate and, to some, necessary. What does Long Knives expression mean? Lippert was convicted and sentenced to 18 months in prison.[50]. British cartoon by David Low, 1934 They salute with both hands, now! They understood the need to appear moderate and take over slowly by democratic means where possible, maintaining the stability and illusion of a democracy. Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2020-03-19 01:01:54 Boxid IA1794905 Camera USB PTP Class Camera Collection_set printdisabled External-identifier urn:oclc:record:1150935398 He left Neudeck with the intention of both destroying Rhm and settling scores with old enemies. 'The Night of the Long Knives' is now commony associated with a particularly violent political purge in Nazi Germany in 1934. The Gestapo arrested and later executed Papen's close associate Edgar Jung, the author of Papen's Marburg speech, and disposed of his body by dumping it in a ditch. Rhm was given the nickname "The Machine Gun King of Bavaria" in the early 1920s, since he was responsible for storing and issuing illegal machine guns to the Bavarian Freikorps units. On 25 June, General Werner von Fritsch placed the Reichswehr on the highest level of alert. While many officers were impressed by Hitler's promises of an expanded army, a return to conscription, and a more aggressive foreign policy, the army continued to guard its traditions of independence during the early years of the Nazi regime. [73] Hitler's speech was not reported in the German press, but the army was appeased by the speech. The Nazis used violence to increase their vote share. Nazis Hermann Gring and Heinrich Himmler wait for the code word from Hitler to begin what will become known as the "Night of the Long Knives". A variety of studies [28] Hitler had hesitated for months in moving against Rhm, in part due to Rhm's visibility as the leader of a national militia with millions of members. ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an On 13 July 1934 the Reichstag Have a Free Meeting with one of our hand picked tutors from the UK's top universities. Gleichschaltung was applied across every possible aspect of government policy. His perceived enemies were executed on the night of June 30, 1934. Many of the prisoners were tortured and abused. [1] More than a thousand perceived opponents were arrested. [37] Arriving back at party headquarters in Munich, Hitler addressed the assembled crowd. intensified [53][54], Wanting to present the massacre as legally sanctioned, Hitler had the cabinet approve a measure on 3 July that declared, "The measures taken on June 30, July 1 and 2 to suppress treasonous assaults are legal as acts of self-defence by the State. If that was indeed true then, as a legal matter, the law was entirely unnecessary and redundant. [79] This story would be popularized across western Europe in the 12th century as part of the History of the Britons by Geoffrey of Monmouth, which introduced many of the Arthurian legends to Germany.[80][81]. He then told Hitler that Hindenburg was close to declaring martial law and turning the government over to the Reichswehr if Hitler did not take immediate steps against Rhm and his brownshirts. Search ID: CS308675. Despite his earlier agreement with Hitler, Rhm still clung to his vision of a new German army with the SA at its core. On the floor, lies Hitlers unkept promises, clearly discarded. info)) or "Operation Hummingbird" (Kolibri) was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany.It happened between 30 June and 2 July 1934 when the Nazi regime executed at least 90 people for political reasons. The Nazis consolidation of power can be grouped into three main themes: pseudo-legality, terror and intimidation and pseudo-moderation. One moment in a twelve-year history of the Third Reich that is underappreciated is the Night of the Long Knives, also known as the Rhm Purge, at the end of June 1934. Its membership plummeted from 2.9 million in August 1934 to 1.2 million in April 1938. On the 30 January 1933 Hitler was appointed as chancellor of the Weimar Republic. This meant, as well as removing other personal freedoms, that the Nazis could now imprison their political opposition for an indefinite period for any, or no, reason. 1. One key example of an event posed as moderate was the Night of Long Knives. On 19 August 1934, the German people were asked to vote on whether or not they approved of the merging of the two offices and Hitlers new role as Fhrer. night of the long knives phrase. Only the SPD opposed it. 8 study hacks, 3 revision templates, 6 revision techniques, 10 exam and self-care tips. [38], Although Hitler presented no evidence of a plot by Rhm to overthrow the regime, he nevertheless denounced the leadership of the SA. On the floor near the SA are guns and knives, this could resemble the 'Night Of The Long . [38] Joseph Goebbels, who had been with Hitler at Bad Wiessee, set the final phase of the plan in motion. [k] Signed into law by Hitler, Grtner, and Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick, the "Law Regarding Measures of State Self-Defence" retroactively legalized the murders committed during the purge. Close 'Here after let this be known as the night of the long side burns!' Do Damage By Placing Guns, Knives And Rockets In. Having earlier imprisoned or exiled prominent Social Democrats and Communists, Hitler used the occasion to move against conservatives he considered unreliable. The undersigned Generals and senior officers swear to preserve to the last breath their loyalty to you and the Fatherland. The Censorship is really evident when . British cartoon by David Low, 1934 H I UN TL PR KE ER OM PT 'S IS ES They salute with both hands, now! "A chancellor", he wrote, "sentences and shoots members of his own private army! Hitler's desire to consolidate his power and settle old scores, Desire of Ernst Rhm and the SA to continue "the National Socialist revolution" versus Hitler's need for relative social stability so that the economy could be refocused to rearmament and the German people acclimated to the need for expansion and war, Hitler's need to bring the Reichswehr under his control, Significant reduction in the regime's opposition, Strengthening of relationship between Hitler and the military. . A poster from the March 1933 elections. Called the Nacht der langen Messer in Germany, this event occurred over a series of days and entailed the Nazi regime's murder of those Hitler considered to be political enemies. The crowd, which included party members and many SA members fortunate enough to escape arrest, shouted its approval. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. The tension between the SA and the Nazi leadership grew. With these measures in place, the Nazification of the judicial system was complete. [21], As a means of isolating Rhm, on 20 April 1934, Gring transferred control of the Prussian political police (Gestapo) to Himmler, who, Gring believed, could be counted on to move against Rhm. [8], On 6 July 1933, at a gathering of high-ranking Nazi officials, Hitler declared the success of the National Socialist, or Nazi, seizure of power. "[74], Hitler named Viktor Lutze to replace Rhm as head of the SA. Whilst Gleichschaltung aimed to reach every aspect of rule in Germany, this was not always possible. [68] Besides working for the rehabilitation of Schleicher and Bredow, Hammerstein and Mackensen sent a memo to Hindenburg on 18 July setting out in considerable detail the circumstances of the murders of the two generals and noted that Papen had barely escaped. org. Browse 1,447 happy its friday cartoon stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. While Nazism was not exclusively or even primarily a working-class phenomenon, the SA fulfilled the yearning of many unemployed workers for class solidarity and nationalist fervour. How useful is the cartoon in helping us to understand the events that occurred during The Night of the Long Knives? Hitler entitled the purge the 'Night of the Long Knives' - a reference to the lyrics from a popular Nazi song. The message of the cartoon "They Salute with Both Hands Now" is that in the Night of the Long Knives, Hitler turned on his previously loyal supporters, the SA, in order to consolidate his position by eliminating the threat of Ernst Rohm and the SA and winning over the Army. Reorganisation and the Bamberg Conference, The role of economic instability in the Nazi rise to power, The role of political instability in the Nazi rise to power, The role of the conservative elite in the Nazi rise to power. of democracy. The SA used to be fiercely loyal to Hitler, and so would salute him with the Nazi salute (with one hand). [48] Eicke and Lippert then shot Rhm, killing him. The Nazis used the SA and the newly expanded SS to harass and imprison any potential opponents of the Nazi Party. However, to gain power Adolf Hitler built up a close and friendly relationship with Germany's industrialists. [72] In a speech given on 3 January 1935, at the Berlin State Opera, Hitler stated that Schleicher and Bredow had been shot "in error" on the basis of false information, and that their names were to be restored to the honour rolls of their regiments at once. [15] In January 1934, Rhm presented Blomberg with a memorandum demanding that the SA replace the regular army as the nation's ground forces, and that the Reichswehr become a training adjunct to the SA.[16]. Hitler ordered the murders of conspicuous Conservative anti-Nazis such as Kurt Von Schleicher and Gustav Ritter von Kahr, Left wing Nazis such as Gregor Strasser and many members of the SA including its leader Ernst Rohm. This was called the "Night of the Long Knives." This cartoon is joking about how these fanatical Nazis who were once Hitler's shock troops now found themselves the target of Hitler. The Night of the Long Knives (aka Blood Purge) was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany from June 30 to July 2, 1934, when the Nazi regime carried out a series of political extrajudicial executions intended to consolidate Hitler's absolute hold on power in Germany. This fear was Hitler shouted at Schneidhuber and accused him of treachery. The Night of the Long Knives - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. [34], At about 04:30 on 30 June 1934, Hitler and his entourage flew to Munich. Whilst the purge focused on the SA, the Nazis also used the event to eliminate other political opponents, such as the former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher. [66], Rumours about the Night of the Long Knives rapidly spread. Night of the Long Knives 30 June 1934. They used any space they could get their hands on to create temporary camps. The murders of SA leaders were also intended to improve the image of the Hitler government with a German public that was increasingly critical of thuggish SA tactics. Doug and Tony land in nineteenth century Asia, meet Rudyard Kipling and become involved in the conflict between the British and local tribesman for control of the Khyber Pass. 95.7% of the population voted. ", Coincidentally, Hitler had been incarcerated at. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments. Also in 1932, the Nazi critic Carl von Ossietzky would use the term to describe the then unrealised plans for a violent uprising: At the beginning of 1932 the Nazis seemed on the verge of a dictatorship, and the air was full of the stretch of blood. A firefighter in the burnt out ruins of the Reichstag building. Once inside Rhm's cell, they handed him a Browning pistol loaded with a single cartridge and told him he had ten minutes to kill himself or they would do it for him. How seriously Hitler took the socialist character of National Socialism was to remain one of the main causes of disagreement and division within the Nazi party up to the summer of 1934. The Night of the Long Knives was a turning point in the history of Hitler's Germany. Gleichschaltung was the process of the Nazi Party taking control over all aspects of Germany. [20] Although Schleicher was in fact unimportant by 1934, increasingly wild rumours that he was scheming with Rhm to re-enter the corridors of power helped stoke the sense of crisis. Chancellor Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Gring and Heinrich Himmler, ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions intended to consolidate his power and alleviate the concerns of the German military about the role of Ernst Rhm and the Sturmabteilung (SA), the Nazi's paramilitary organization, known colloquially as "Brownshirts". kato-eng. He lifted his arm in the Nazi salute and called out "Heil Hitler, I love Germany. Although President Hindenburg and the Reichstag continued to exist, Hitler could now govern by decree. And let it be known for all time to come that if anyone raises his hand to strike the State, then certain death is his lot. Gring instructed police stations to burn "all documents concerning the action of the past two days". , which opened just a few days before the vote on the 20 March 1933. President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor on 30 January 1933. It was the culmination of a chaotic week in Westminster, which saw furious calls for an overhaul . Battle to save 'Night of the Long Knives' hotel where Hitler turned on Brownshirts' leader Ernst Rhm - the only man standing in his way to absolute power - in deadly 1934 purge. Local governments proved more difficult to infiltrate, and even at the end of 1945 only 60% of local mayors were Nazi Party members. In 1928, the popular Nazi song "Wetzt die langen Messer" (English: Sharpen the long knives) encourages the mass murder of Jewish people and the desecration of Synagogues (seemingly equating their own tactics with the treacherous Anglo-Saxons). "[67] The extent of the massacre and the relative ubiquity of the Gestapo, however, meant that those who disapproved of the purge generally kept quiet about it. Among the few exceptions were General Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord and Field Marshal August von Mackensen, who started a campaign to have Schleicher rehabilitated by Hitler. [27] While von Papen's resignation as vice-chancellor would not have threatened Hitler's position, it would have nonetheless been an embarrassing display of independence from a leading conservative. No one in the SA spoke more loudly for "a continuation of the German revolution" (as one prominent stormtrooper, Edmund Heines, put it) than Rhm himself. However, it did so under the guise of legality, and protecting the German people and their democracy. We were close personal friends; we often dined together in Berlin. Gring alone had over a thousand people arrested. "A very calm and easy going mailman," the diarist Victor Klemperer wrote, "who is not at all National Socialist, said, 'Well, he simply sentenced them.'" The Night of the Long Knives: Hitler's Rise to Power - Part 2 | History DocumentaryWatch 'The Night of Long Knives - Part 1' here: https://youtu.be/7CeX6jBau. Although Hitler ordered him released days later, Papen no longer dared to criticize the regime and was sent off to Vienna as German ambassador.[43]. Blomberg, who had been meeting with the president, uncharacteristically reproached Hitler for not having moved against Rhm earlier. President Hindenburg died at the age of 87 on 2 August 1934. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. Civil Service Hitler did not exercise absolute power, however, despite his swift consolidation of political authority. The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Hitler used the SS and the Army to kill the SA on the Night of the Long knives, and doing so helped him to win them over as it showed his preference for them over the thug-like Stormtroopers. [71], In late 1934early 1935, Werner von Fritsch and Werner von Blomberg, who had been shamed into joining Hammerstein and Mackensen's rehabilitation campaign, successfully pressured Hitler into rehabilitating Generals von Schleicher and von Bredow. ", "After the 'Night of the Long Knives,' [Reich Minister for Justice Franz Grtner] nipped in the bud the attempts of some local state prosecutors to initiate proceedings against the killers. [2] The purge strengthened and consolidated the support of the military for Hitler. The Night of the Long Knives involved the violent purge of certain members of the Nazi Party from June 30th to July 2nd in 1934. July 14-20, 1934 News articles, editorials, opinion pieces, letters-to-the-editor, and . [63] Since Schleicher was a good friend of the French Ambassador Andr Franois-Poncet, and because of his reputation for intrigue, the claim that Schleicher was working for France had enough surface plausibility for most Germans to accept it. By the end of it, Hitler's party had been shaken by a major crisis, and the long knives were put quietly back in their box while all the Fhrer kept out was a wary ear. Leading officers in the SS were shown falsified evidence on 24 June that Rhm planned to use the SA to launch a plot against the government (Rhm-Putsch). The speed and scale of the reshuffle caused it to be associated by its critics with the 1934 Night of the Long Knives in Nazi Germany.. This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and [17] While Hitler did not take immediate action against Rhm for his intemperate outburst, it nonetheless deepened the rift between them. A convoy of lorries moved quietly through the night. How did the Night of the Long Knives help to create a dictatorship out of a democracy? The Night of the Long Knives was a turning . , Night Of The Long Knives Cartoon 3 of 3. 89.93% voted in favour of Hitler. You gave these parties 14 years to ruin Germany! The Night of the Long Knives (in addition to Hindenburgs deatha few months later) helped Hitler and the Nazi Party to consolidate absolute power in Germany by removing their political opposition. Hitler announced to those present that the SA would act as an auxiliary to the Reichswehr, not the other way around. Now that the NSDAP had seized the reins of power in Germany, he said, it was time to consolidate its control. This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the I gave the order to shoot the ringleaders in this treason, and I further gave the order to cauterise down to the raw flesh the ulcers of this poisoning of the wells in our domestic life. [42] The Gestapo also murdered Erich Klausener, the leader of Catholic Action, and a close Papen associate. The widows of the murdered SA leaders received between 1,000 and 1,600 marks a month, depending on the rank of the murdered person. Following the purge, the Nazis sculpted the media coverage to portray the event as a preventative measure against a revolutionary, violent, and uncontrollable force, rather than a series of political murders. Join MyTutor Squads for free (and fun) help with Maths, Coding & Study Skills. As S.A. membership grew, they were becoming harder . In Rhm's view, President Hindenburg's appointment of Hitler as chancellor on 30 January 1933, had brought the Nazi Party to power, but had left unfulfilled the party's larger goals. Definitions by the largest Idiom Dictionary. Gestapo officers attached to the SS unit shot Papen's secretary Herbert von Bose without bothering to arrest him first. [41] Several leaders of the disbanded Catholic Centre Party were also murdered in the purge. Captain Ernst Rhm of the Reichswehr served as the liaison with the Bavarian Freikorps. [m] Years later, in November 1945, while being interviewed by psychologist Gustave Gilbert in his cell during the Nuremberg trials, Gring angrily justified the killings to Gilbert, "It's a damn good thing I wiped them out, or they would have wiped us out! Hitler told the crowd that "undisciplined and disobedient characters and asocial or diseased elements" would be annihilated. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event. It was named Der Fhrer schtzt das Recht ("The Fhrer Upholds the Law"). The novella is now in the public domain, so you can get it free on Kindle, but I want to recommend the audio version which is 3 hours and 17 . Rhm's contempt for the party's bureaucracy angered Hess. [19] Schleicher criticized the current Hitler cabinet, while some of Schleicher's followers such as General Ferdinand von Bredow and Werner von Alvensleben started passing along lists of a new Hitler cabinet in which Schleicher would become vice-chancellor, Rhm minister of defence, Heinrich Brning foreign minister and Gregor Strasser minister of national economy. As the leader of the SA, Rhm was seen as a threat to Hitlers power. They were often given a free rein on their activities and were violent and difficult to control. After Hitler and most of the army officers had left, however, Rhm declared that he would not take instructions from "the ridiculous corporal" a demeaning reference to Hitler. [35] Papen was unceremoniously arrested at the Vice-Chancellery, despite his insistent protests that he could not be arrested in his position as Vice-Chancellor. The Night of the Long Knives. Unblocked games. pardoned coalition By May, lists of those to be "liquidated" started to circulate amongst Gring and Himmler's people, who engaged in a trade, adding enemies of one in exchange for sparing friends of the other. . It's been called "the night of the long knives in the tropics.". The reshuffle took place against a backdrop of . [31] On 27 June, Hitler moved to secure the army's cooperation. In response to conservative pressure to constrain Rhm, Hitler left for Neudeck to meet with Hindenburg. Also available as: Gift Options Download Options. Paul von Hindenburg was the president of the Weimar Republic from the 12 May 1925 until his death on the 2 August 1934. "They give . The caption They salute with both hands now is a joke about the Nazi salute. [69] The memo went on to demand that Hindenburg punish those responsible, and criticized Blomberg for his outspoken support of the murders of Schleicher and Bredow. . Night of the Long Knives (Classroom Activity) When the Nazi Party was first formed it was an anti-capitalist movement. [51] Meanwhile, Goebbels tried to prevent newspapers from publishing lists of the dead, but at the same time used a 2 July radio address to describe how Hitler had narrowly prevented Rhm and Schleicher from overthrowing the government and throwing the country into turmoil.